In the 17th century, Christmas was briefly banned in England by Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Cromwell, a Puritan, considered Christmas to be a Catholic holiday associated with drunkenness and debauchery, and he sought to abolish it as a national celebration. The ban was initially enforced from 1647 to 1659, but it was later lifted in 1660 when Charles II, a proponent of traditional Christmas celebrations, was restored to the throne.